Traditional proverbs of China in zh and English — each with its meaning and source.
千里之行,始于足下
“A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.”
Great undertakings are accomplished by starting with a single small action.
Source: Laozi, Tao Te Ching (Dao De Jing), ch. 64, circa 4th century BCE
学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆
“Learning without thought is labor lost; thought without learning is perilous.”
Study and reflection must go together to gain true understanding.
Source: Confucius, The Analects (Lunyu), Book II, circa 5th century BCE
己所不欲,勿施于人
“Do not do to others what you would not want done to yourself.”
Treat others with the same consideration you would wish for yourself.
Source: Confucius, The Analects (Lunyu), Book XV, circa 5th century BCE
塞翁失马,焉知非福
“When the old frontiersman lost his horse, who could know it was not a blessing?”
Apparent misfortune may turn out to be good luck, and vice versa.
Source: Huainanzi, compiled under Liu An, 2nd century BCE
知己知彼,百战不殆
“Know yourself and know your enemy, and in a hundred battles you will never be in peril.”
Thorough knowledge of both sides ensures success in any conflict.
Source: Sun Tzu, The Art of War (Sunzi Bingfa), circa 5th century BCE
三人行,必有我师焉
“Among any three people walking together, one can surely be my teacher.”
There is something to learn from everyone around you.
Source: Confucius, The Analects (Lunyu), Book VII, circa 5th century BCE
温故而知新
“Reviewing the old, one learns the new.”
Revisiting past knowledge yields fresh understanding.
水滴石穿
“Dripping water wears through stone.”
Persistent, small efforts can accomplish great things over time.
Source: Traditional Chinese proverb, derived from Han-era texts (Hanshu / Luo Dajing's Helin Yulu)
不入虎穴,焉得虎子
“Without entering the tiger's den, how can you catch the tiger's cubs?”
Great rewards require taking real risks.
Source: Book of the Later Han (Hou Han Shu), Biography of Ban Chao, 5th century CE
授人以鱼不如授人以渔
“Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime.”
Teaching a skill is more valuable than giving a one-time solution.
Source: Traditional Chinese proverb, oral tradition (concept echoed in Huainanzi and Laozi)
有志者事竟成
“Where there is a will, there is a way.”
A person with firm determination will eventually accomplish their goal.
Source: Book of the Later Han (Hou Han Shu), Biography of Geng Yan, 5th century CE
失败乃成功之母
“Failure is the mother of success.”
Mistakes and setbacks teach the lessons that make later success possible.
Source: Traditional Chinese proverb, public-domain oral tradition
活到老,学到老
“Live to old age, learn to old age.”
Learning should continue throughout one's entire life, without end.
一分耕耘,一分收获
“One part toil, one part harvest.”
The reward you receive is proportional to the effort you put in.
病从口入,祸从口出
“Illness enters through the mouth; disaster exits through the mouth.”
Careless eating brings sickness, and careless speech brings trouble.
冰冻三尺,非一日之寒
“Three feet of ice does not form in a single day's cold.”
Major outcomes, good or bad, build up gradually from long accumulation.
Source: Wang Chong, Lunheng (Balanced Discourses), 1st century CE
光阴似箭,日月如梭
“Time flies like an arrow; days and months shuttle like a loom.”
Time passes with remarkable speed, so it should not be wasted.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲
“If the young do not exert themselves, the old will grieve in vain.”
Wasted youth leads to regret in old age, so effort should come early.
Source: Anonymous, "Changge Xing" (Long Song Ballad), Yuefu poetry collection, Han dynasty
万事开头难
“All things are hardest at the beginning.”
Starting a new task is usually the most difficult part of it.
画蛇添足
“Drawing a snake and adding feet to it.”
Adding unnecessary embellishment to something already complete only ruins it.
Source: Zhanguo Ce (Strategies of the Warring States), Qi Ce, circa 3rd century BCE
亡羊补牢,未为晚也
“It is not too late to mend the pen after a sheep has been lost.”
It is never too late to fix a mistake and prevent further loss.
Source: Zhanguo Ce (Strategies of the Warring States), Chu Ce, circa 3rd century BCE
守株待兔
“Guarding a tree stump, waiting for a rabbit to run into it.”
Relying on a lucky accident instead of real effort is foolish and unproductive.
Source: Han Feizi, chapter "Wu Du" (Five Vermin), 3rd century BCE
拔苗助长
“Pulling up seedlings to help them grow.”
Forcing progress before its time only causes harm; growth cannot be rushed.
Source: Mencius, "Gongsun Chou I", circa 4th century BCE
刻舟求剑
“Notching the boat to seek the sword that fell overboard.”
Clinging to a fixed method while circumstances have changed leads to failure.
Source: Lüshi Chunqiu (Spring and Autumn Annals of Lü Buwei), 3rd century BCE
井底之蛙
“A frog at the bottom of a well believes the sky is only as large as the well's mouth.”
Limited experience breeds a narrow, mistaken view of the wider world.
Source: Zhuangzi, "Autumn Floods" chapter, circa 4th-3rd century BCE
卧薪尝胆
“Sleeping on brushwood and tasting gall.”
Deliberately enduring hardship to keep alive the resolve for a future goal.
Source: Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), House of King Goujian of Yue, circa 91 BCE
破釜沉舟
“Break the cauldrons and sink the boats.”
Committing fully to a course of action by removing any possibility of retreat.
Source: Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), Biography of Xiang Yu, circa 91 BCE
铁杵磨成针
“Grinding an iron rod into a needle.”
With enough patience and persistence, even the hardest task can be completed.
Source: Folk legend of Li Bai's youth, recorded in Fangyu Shenglan gazetteer, Song dynasty
掩耳盗铃
“Covering one's own ears while stealing a bell.”
Deceiving oneself while imagining that others are fooled too.
Source: Lüshi Chunqiu (Spring and Autumn Annals of Lü Buwei), "Zi Zhi" chapter, 3rd century BCE
对牛弹琴
“Playing the lute to a cow.”
Explaining something refined to someone unable to appreciate it wastes the effort.
Source: Mouzi, "Li Huo Lun" (Disposing of Error), Han dynasty
一箭双雕
“One arrow, two eagles.”
A single well-aimed action can achieve two goals at once.
Source: Bei Shi (History of the Northern Dynasties), Biography of Zhangsun Sheng, 7th century CE
愚公移山
“The Foolish Old Man who moved the mountains.”
Unwavering determination can overcome even the most immense obstacles.
Source: Liezi, "Tang Wen" chapter, circa 4th century CE compilation of earlier material
近朱者赤,近墨者黑
“Near vermilion, one turns red; near ink, one turns black.”
A person's character is shaped by the company and environment they keep.
Source: Attributed to Fu Xuan, "Taizi Shaofu Zhen" (Admonition for the Junior Tutor), Jin dynasty
三思而后行
“Think three times before you act.”
Careful, repeated reflection should come before any important action.
Source: Confucius, The Analects (Lunyu), Book V, circa 5th century BCE
人无远虑,必有近忧
“He who gives no thought to distant troubles will soon find worry close at hand.”
Failing to plan for the future invites trouble in the present.
千军易得,一将难求
“A thousand soldiers are easy to find; one good general is hard to find.”
Capable leadership is far rarer and more valuable than ordinary manpower.
Source: Traditional Chinese military proverb, public-domain oral tradition
鞠躬尽瘁,死而后已
“Bend the back to the task until one's dying day.”
Devoting oneself completely to duty, without rest, until the end of life.
Source: Zhuge Liang, "Hou Chu Shi Biao" (Latter Memorial on the Campaign), 3rd century CE
磨刀不误砍柴工
“Sharpening the axe does not delay the work of cutting wood.”
Time spent preparing properly is never wasted; it makes the real work easier.
良药苦口利于病,忠言逆耳利于行
“Good medicine tastes bitter but heals the sickness; loyal advice sounds harsh but benefits conduct.”
Unpleasant truths and honest criticism are often the most valuable to hear.
Source: Kongzi Jiayu (School Sayings of Confucius), traditional compilation
前事不忘,后事之师
“Not forgetting past events is a guide for the future.”
Remembering past experience, especially mistakes, helps guide future decisions.
Source: Zhanguo Ce (Strategies of the Warring States), Zhao Ce, circa 3rd century BCE
千里之堤,溃于蚁穴
“A thousand-li dike can collapse because of an ant's hole.”
A tiny, neglected flaw can eventually cause an enormous disaster.
Source: Han Feizi, chapter "Yu Lao", 3rd century BCE
逆水行舟,不进则退
“A boat rowing against the current must advance, or it will be swept back.”
In difficult conditions, standing still is the same as falling behind.
Source: Traditional Chinese proverb, echoed in the family letters of Zuo Zongtang, Qing dynasty
万丈高楼平地起
“A towering building rises from level ground.”
Every great achievement must begin from humble, ordinary foundations.
众人拾柴火焰高
“When everyone gathers firewood, the flame burns high.”
Collective effort produces far greater results than anyone can achieve alone.
滴水之恩,涌泉相报
“A drop of kindness received should be repaid with a gushing spring.”
Even small favors deserve to be repaid many times over with gratitude.
有缘千里来相会
“Fate brings people together from a thousand miles away.”
Meaningful connections between people are the work of fate, however far apart they begin.
Source: Traditional Chinese folk saying, echoed in the Ming-dynasty novel Water Margin (Shuihu Zhuan)
天下无难事,只怕有心人
“Nothing under heaven is difficult for one who sets their heart on it.”
Genuine determination can overcome almost any obstacle.
Source: Traditional Chinese proverb, echoed in the Ming-dynasty novel Journey to the West (Xiyou Ji)
路遥知马力,日久见人心
“Over a long road, one knows a horse's strength; over time, one sees a person's heart.”
True character and worth are revealed only through time and hardship.
Source: Zheng Tingyu, "Zheng Guo Fu" (Yuan dynasty zaju drama), 13th-14th century CE
人非圣贤,孰能无过
“No one is a sage; who can be entirely without fault?”
Everyone makes mistakes, so errors should be met with understanding.
Source: Zuo Zhuan (Commentary of Zuo), Duke Xuan, Year 2, circa 4th century BCE
己欲立而立人,己欲达而达人
“Wishing to establish himself, one seeks also to establish others; wishing to succeed, one seeks also to help others succeed.”
True personal success is bound up with helping others also succeed.
Source: Confucius, The Analects (Lunyu), Book VI, circa 5th century BCE
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